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"Critical" situations in multicultural teams: The role of emotions

"Critical" situations in multicultural teams: The role of emotions
Über dieses Buch
  • Art: Magisterarbeit
  • Autor: Gerd Reisigl
  • Abgabedatum: Mai 2004
  • Umfang: 182 Seiten
  • Dateigröße: 3,5 MB
  • Note: 1,0
  • Institution / Hochschule: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Österreich
  • ISBN (eBook): 978-3-8324-8564-1
  • ISBN (Paperback) :
    978-3-8324-8564-1 P
  • ISBN (CD) :978-3-8324-8564-1 CD
  • Sprache: Englisch
  • Prämierung:
  • Arbeit zitieren: Reisigl, Gerd Mai 2004: "Critical" situations in multicultural teams: The role of emotions, Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag
  • Schlagworte: Culture, Conflict, Anger, Happiness, Cognition

Magisterarbeit von Gerd Reisigl

Abstract:

Interest in „emotions” within organisation increased in the last years. However, research in this field is scarce. In the discussion about emotions in organisation the increasing number of multicultural teams is adding an additional variable: „culture”, making research even more complicate. Practitioners report that where culture meets conflicts accompanied by negative emotions such as „anger” occur. However, also positive emotions like „happiness” may occur, having a positive influence on motivation and enhance cohesion, what may be considered as benefit in multicultural teams.

Although anger as well happiness are considered as universally experienced emotion, there is some evidence that the causes, expression, and the behaviour which follows anger and happiness are culturally influenced.

In multicultural teams the knowledge about the „antecedents” of these two emotions and the following „behaviour” seems to be especially important as on one hand misunderstandings and conflict connected with anger, may have serious social consequences reducing performance or even resulting in contra productive behaviour threatening the organisation, and on the other hand experience of success and good communication, enhancing team collaboration, seems to be connected with happiness.

This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding with regards the culturally-influenced antecedents of the two emotions anger and happiness as well as about the resulting behavioural consequences in multicultural team settings.

The two research questions guiding this work are:

1. In which multicultural team situations do the emotions anger and happiness arise?

2. Which are the antecedents, in team settings, of the two emotions and which is the resulting behaviour respectively consequences that follows?

Ahead, the Theoretical Part should provide the reader a basic introduction about emotions and the connected relevant factors like cognition, sociality and culture with regard to the research questions. Offering a working definition of culture and emotion, the attempt to illustrate the role of emotion in multicultural team settings as well the discussion about the discrepancy of expectation and of expression regarding emotions throughout cultures, should make the reader more sensible about a) the possible detected differences in antecedents and behavioural consequences and b) their impact in multicultural teams.

In Chapter One a discussion about the two sides of multicultural team performance and the connected role of emotion is presented. Communication and connected misunderstandings get hereby special attention.

Chapter Two should bring the reader in the position to come to a better understanding about the complex construct: „emotion” and its connection with cognition, sociality and culture, to get a feeling about the importance emotions may play in multicultural teams.

The Empirical Part consists in the study conducted in a South Tyrolean (North Italy) work environment, revealing as well great similarity in both antecedents and behavioural consequences of the researched emotions anger and happiness; however, identifying fine culturally-related differences based on different cultural emphasis on values.

Table of Contents:

A. INTRODUCTION 2
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
2. RESEARCH AIM 2
3. STRUCTURE OF THESIS 3
B. THEORETICAL REVIEW 4
1. PERFORMANCE OF MULTICULTURAL TEAMS 4
1.1 Positive impact on performance 5
1.1.1 Positive cognitive outcomes and better manoeuvring in a global business world 7
1.1.2 Success experience: Motivation and enhancement of team cohesion 11
1.1.3 The role of positive emotion 14
1.2 Negative impact on performance 17
1.2.1 Low performance and conflict due to communicational problems and misunderstandings 23
1.2.2 The role of negative emotion 41
1.3 Summary 43
2. EMOTIONS: AN ATTEMPT FOR CLASSIFICATION 44
2.1 Definition of emotion 44
2.1.1 Emotion & cognition 50
2.1.2 Emotion & social context 57
2.1.3 Emotion & cultural context 62
2.2 Emotions and impact on individual and social behaviour 70
2.2.1 Expectation of emotion 70
2.2.2 Expression of emotion 76
2.3 Summary 81
C. EMPIRICAL PART 82
1. RESEARCH 82
1.1 Research methodology 84
1.1.1 Qualitative research 84
1.1.2 Advantages- disadvantages with regard to the research aim 85
1.2 Procedure 89
1.2.1 Overview about the research sample: Team members 90
1.2.2 Presentation of the qualitative and quantitative tools used in the study 91
1.2.3 Sequence of research 96
1.2.4 Analysis 97
1.3 Research results 100
1.3.1 Results: anger antecedents-consequences 101
1.3.1.1 RESULTS: PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE – ANGER 101
1.3.1.1.1 Antecedents of the emotion anger 101
1.3.1.1.2 Behaviour which followed the emotion anger 103
1.3.1.1.3 Taking a different view point… 104
1.3.1.1.4 Influence of the single behaviour on the team as a whole 106
1.3.1.1.5 Additional data… 108
1.3.1.2 RESULTS: INTERVIEWS - ANGER 108
1.3.1.3 RESULTS: LIST - ANGER 113
1.3.2 Results: happiness antecedents-consequences 116
1.3.2.1 RESULTS: PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE - HAPPINESS 116
1.3.2.1.1 Antecedents of the emotion happiness 116
1.3.2.1.2 Behaviour/Reaction following the emotion happiness 118
1.3.2.1.3 Taking a different view point… 119
1.3.2.1.4 Influence of the single behaviour on the team as a whole 121
1.3.2.1.5 Additional data… 123
1.3.2.2 RESULTS: INTERVIEWS - HAPPINESS 123
1.3.2.3 RESULTS: LIST - HAPPINESS 127
1.3.3 Concrete results: commonness - differences 129
1.3.3.1 COMMONNESS ANTECEDENTS: ANGER 130
1.3.3.2 COMMONNESS ANTECEDENTS: HAPPINESS 130
1.3.3.3 COMMONNESS-BEHAVIOUR/CONSEQUENCES: ANGER 130
1.3.3.4 COMMONNESS-BEHAVIOUR/CONSEQUENCES: HAPPINESS 131
1.3.3.5 DETECTED DIFFERENCES 131
1.3.3.6 OTHER INTERESTING THINGS 133
2. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE 135
3. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 142
4. ATTACHMENTS 144
ATTACHMENT 1: Standardised introduction (English version) 144
ATTACHMENT 2: Standardised introduction (German version) 145
ATTACHMENT 3: Standardised introduction (Italian version) 146
ATTACHMENT 4: Pre-tested pictures University Saarbrücken 147
ATTACHMENT 5: Questions asked in Part A) Projective Technique (German version) 148
ATTACHMENT 6: Questions asked in Part A) Projective Technique (Italian version) 148
ATTACHMENT 7: Questions asked in Part B) Face to Face Interview (German version) 149
ATTACHMENT 8: Questions asked in Part B) Face to Face Interview (Italian version) 150
ATTACHMENT 9: List (German version) 151
ATTACHMENT 10: List (Italian version) 152
ATTACHMENT 11: Form for answers (English version) 153
ATTACHMENT 12: Form for answers (German version) 153
ATTACHMENT 13: Form for answers (Italian version) 154
ATTACHMENT 14: Categories – Antecedents - ANGER 154
ATTACHMENT 15: Categories – Antecedents - HAPPINESS 155
ATTACHMENT 16: Categories – Behaviour - ANGER 156
ATTACHMENT 17: Categories – Behaviour - HAPPINESS 158
ATTACHMENT 18: Breakdown results List – ANGER 159
ATTACHMENT 19: Breakdown results List – HAPPINESS 159
ATTACHMENT 20: Map from South Tyrol – Trentino – Veneto 160
5. REFERENCE LIST 161

Automatisiert erstellter Textauszug:

As with the foregoing emotion anger also with the emotion happiness the first antecedent mentioned and the first behaviour/reaction mentioned by the interviewee is compared. Ethnic German speaking sample: Four of the twelve associated firstly the success of the whole team as emotion eliciting: “The results from the whole team led to the good success; the meeting was closed positively to the complete satisfaction of all team members; the target was achieved, consensus reached; to be very satisfied with the things being discussed”. The resulting behaviours may be summarised: “Bring oneself even more in the team; positive; Bring in new ideas; good collaboration will continue.” Three others started as first antecedent with the positive climate/atmosphere in the team quoting “good team work; to feel good in the team, good understanding; and good meeting, consensus;”, with the following behaviour: “…continue with the functioning teamwork and working with élan and enthusiasm.” Two of the twelve German speaking South Tyrolean’s mentioned the pass through of an own idea/proposal/ aim as elicitor of the emotion happiness. The resulting behaviour was described as “motivated, to work even more enthusiastically and working together on an amicable, cooperative basis”. Acknowledgement was quoted from two team members as first, hereby, especially through promotion and pay rise with the ascribed behaviour of better collaboration and continuing work as always. One person mentioned open communication, to have enough space and to speak without getting interrupted, to be listened as antecedent. The following behaviour was described as not being timid and expressed thoughts and feelings openly. [...]

One person mentioned the antecedent that the viewpoints were not taken in adequate extent in consideration, expecting as behaviour that the person will not say anything and let the group do. Similarly another person states that the expectations that the person had have not been fulfilled, reacting constructive, to prepare herself for the next meeting and to bring in her suggestions again. The next two mentioned as antecedent not reaching the personal target, however, reacting with trust and not agreeing with the result of the day, remaining a bit prejudiced. Another one states not having been informed as antecedent, reacting with withdrawal and isolation, not to speak and interact in the team anymore. [...]

displays help at all stages in the analysis (graphs, charts, networks, diagrams of different types etc.) The reason for reducing and displaying data are to assist in drawing conclusions. While drawing conclusions logically follows reduction and display of data, in fact it takes place more or less concurrently with them (Punch, 2000, pp. 203). Effectively applied, this means that the interviews got recorded and transliterated. Hereby the literally transliteration got into operation. This means a fully verbal registration of the generated information in form of a text as basis for the analysis of the data was created (cp. Hugl, 1995, pp. 88). From this basis a research text was build, reducing the data on its essentials, and preparing for categorisation. Hereby the research text was written fully in German, consulting a native Italian in the case of ambiguity of translation. Out of this text, an Excel document was made, ordering the data regarding culture and within culture to bring the antecedent, the following behaviour and the expected behaviour of the team in a logical, illustrative order. [...]

Arbeit zitieren:
Reisigl, Gerd Mai 2004: "Critical" situations in multicultural teams: The role of emotions, Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag

Schlagworte:
Culture, Conflict, Anger, Happiness, Cognition

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