Feasibility Studies for Hotels
An analysis of essential elements in the preparation process of feasibility studies for hotel projects
- Art: Diplomarbeit
- Autor: Wolfgang Fercher
- Abgabedatum: Mai 2005
- Umfang: 120 Seiten
- Dateigröße: 1,0 MB
- Note: 2,0
- Institution / Hochschule: IMC - International Management Center GmbH Österreich
- Bibliografie: ca. 58
- ISBN (eBook): 978-3-8324-9914-3
-
ISBN (Paperback) :
978-3-8324-9914-3 P - ISBN (CD) :978-3-8324-9914-3 CD
- Sprache: Englisch
- Prämierung:
- Arbeit zitieren: Fercher, Wolfgang Mai 2005: Feasibility Studies for Hotels, Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag
- Schlagworte: Machbarkeitsstudie, Projektentwicklung, Hotellerie, Future demand, Financial projections
In den Warenkorb
98,00 €
Diplomarbeit von Wolfgang Fercher
Abstract:
The intensity of competition in the tourism business, especially in the hotel industry has continuously grown during the last years. This development leads to the situation that capital investments in the hospitality industry are connected with ever increasing risks. In order to minimize these risk potentials, a detailed evaluation of the competitiveness and market compatibility of a planned project is an essential part of any project development process. Those analyses are covered in the course of a feasibility study which encloses all aspects that influence the success of a hotel project. In this context, a feasibility study serves as an information tool for project developers, investors, tenants, hotel operators and financiers in order to make decisions with regard to a specific hotel project.
The preparation of a feasibility study requires the combination of a multitude of aspects, hence input from all participants in the project development process. Getting hold of information and the appropriate usage of this information is crucial in order to ensure the success of a study. The main objective of this diploma thesis is to identify the most important and current issues in feasibility evaluation of hotel projects. In practice, many studies are prepared following a fixed model, which has not been changed for years. However, the hospitality industry is highly competitive and dynamic, new additions to the existing supply therefore need to be analyzed very carefully. The focus of this diploma thesis is specifically put on the hospitality industry. This means that feasibility evaluation for other types of project development in the tourist industry is not subject to this study. The aim of the thesis is on the one hand to point out aspects that have to be taken into consideration in any study, and to give suggestions for improvements on the other hand. The author has laid down the following four hypotheses that serve as the main source for the research questions.
- Hypothesis 1: The sensitivity analysis is the most important component of a feasibility study.
- Hypothesis 2: A feasibility study is the most important decision making factor for the investor in a hotel project.
- Hypothesis 3: If the results of a feasibility study seem to turn out negative, then the operative concept of the project is changed.
- Hypothesis 4: The level of the construction cost is the factor that is most difficult to estimate and is therefore the most frequent source of mistakes in the hotel development process.
The research work is divided into hermeneutic and empiric parts which are not secluded from each other but interact and support statements. An expert questionnaire was designed in order to identify current industry issues. This questionnaire was sent out via e-mail to selected groups of experts including hospitality consultants, hotel operating companies, investors and financiers and project development companies. The total number of questionnaires amounted to 88 and a return rate of about 40% was achieved.
The theoretical principles of feasibility studies are tackled in chapter 2. Basically, there is no general definition for the term ‘feasibility study’ and the terminology varies significantly. Feasibility studies can be described as market demand studies or as studies comprising a detailed market analysis and thorough financial forecasts. It must be emphasized that a feasibility study as known in the international context is much more than a study that proves whether a project is ‘feasible’. A feasibility report can answer a number of questions as to the market, rates achievable and the possible positioning of a project.
In the subsequent chapter the overall concept of project development in the hotel industry is described. This includes an indication of the position of feasibility studies in the course of the development process. Analysing both the information provided in the specific literature and the expert questionnaires, it becomes obvious that a thorough feasibility evaluation is an inevitable part in developing any new hotel project. Chapter 4 deals with the question of structuring a feasibility study. The structure of the study depends to a large extent on the person or consultancy preparing it. Internal request lists or handbooks provide some kind of pattern according to which reports are being prepared. A possible outline for a feasibility report is suggested at this stage and the various components are described in detail. Some of the aspects covered in this respect include the analysis of existing supply and demand, identification of primary and secondary competitors, and the description of the project idea and project location.
The next part is concerned with the issue of forecasting, which represents another vital part of any feasibility study. In this context forecasts relate to estimating the future development of the market as far as demand and supply are concerned. From this basis, substantial items such as occupancy, average room rate, room yield and revenue per available room are projected. The experts generally suggest a 5 to 10 year period for these forecasts. Financial projections constitute a major part of feasibility studies. These prognoses include profit & loss estimates, the evaluation of investments with the use of ratios and discounted cash flows, and a possible financing scenario for a planned property.
The author then identifies four major categories that influence the decision making process with regard to the results of a feasibility study. These factors are described as project related criteria, financial results, economic forecasts, and market related criteria. This is followed by an evaluation and detailed description of the most important elements and success factors of feasibility studies. Among those rank the project site, market segmentation, investment estimation, and the development of a concept suitable to the market requirements.
The identification of the most common and frequent sources of mistakes in the preparation process of feasibility studies can be seen in close relation to the success factors. The issue of mistakes is hardly covered in the scientific literature but is analyzed in detail in the course of this diploma thesis. Some of the main aspects in this respect, such as unqualified consultants, biased studies and overestimation or misinterpretation of the future developments in the market, are described in an accurate way. Eventually, a comparative analysis of two Austrian hotels is carried out as well. This analysis compares some of the key values projected in feasibility studies with the actual results of the respective properties.
Zusammenfassung:
Die Wettbewerbsintensität am touristischen Markt, insbesondere in der Hotellerie, ist in den letzten Jahren deutlich und kontinuierlich angestiegen. Dies bedeutet auch, dass Kapitalinvestitionen im Tourismus mit erhöhten Risiken verbunden sind. Um diese Gefahrenpotentiale zu minimieren, kommt der detaillierten Analyse und Prüfung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Marktverträglichkeit eines zu initiierenden Projektes essenzielle Bedeutung zu. Intuitive Entscheidungen im Rahmen des Entwicklungsprozesses werden durch fundierte Recherchearbeiten ersetzt. In unmittelbarem Zusammenhang dazu steht die Erstellung einer Feasibility Studie.
Der Begriff Feasibility Studie umfasst eine vorausschauende Wertung aller Gegebenheiten, die auf die Frage der Verwirklichung eines geplanten Projektes zu beziehen sind. Diese Studien dienen als Entscheidungshilfe für Projektentwickler, Investoren, Pächter und Verpächter, Hotelbetreiber, aber auch Finanzdienstleister. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit analysiert die Bedeutung von Feasibility Studien für die Entwicklung von Hotelprojekten. Dafür sind vom Autor folgende Hypothesen aufgestellt worden:
- Hypothese 1: Die Sensitivitätsanalyse ist der wichtigste Bestandteil einer Feasibility Studie.
- Hypothese 2: Eine Feasibility Studie ist die wichtigste Entscheidungsgrundlage für den Investor eines Hotelprojektes.
- Hypothese 3: Zeichnen sich im Rahmen der Erstellung einer Studie negative Ergebnisse ab, kommt es zu einer Abänderung des operativen Konzeptes.
- Hypothese 4: Die Höhe der Baukosten ist vom Ersteller einer Feasibility Studie am schwersten einzuschätzen und stellt daher die häufigste Fehlerquelle im Rahmen der Entwicklung von Hotelprojekten dar.
Der Autor setzt sich zum Ziel, die Problematik von fehlerhaften und nicht relevanten Studien aufzuzeigen und häufige Fehlerquellen aus Sicht der verschiedenen Interessensgruppen ausführlich zu kommentieren. Die spezifischen Bedürfnisse und Anforderungen der oben genannten Gruppen werden analysiert und daraus resultierend ein Optimierungsprozess gestartet. Schlussendlich sollen Verbesserungsvorschläge für die Erstellung von Feasibility Studien geliefert werden. Weiters wird die Bedeutung von Machbarkeitsstudien als Teil des Projektentwicklungsprozesses dargestellt.
Die Forschungsarbeiten gliedern sich in einen hermeneutischen und einen empirischen Teil. Die theoretischen Grundlagen werden anhand der vorhandenen Fachliteratur, d.h. Bücher, Fachjournale, Magazine und Internetquellen erörtert und dargestellt. Der empirische Teil wird mit der Erstellung eines Fragebogens für die oben erwähnten Expertengruppen bearbeitet. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Befragung liegt darin, qualitative Forschungsergebnisse in Bezug auf die Bedeutung und den Inhalt von Feasibility Studien zu erhalten. Die Diplomarbeit ist limitiert auf Projektentwicklung und Studien im Hotelbereich, daher wird davon abgesehen, Projekte anderer touristischer Segmente zu berücksichtigen.
Der erste Abschnitt der Arbeit stellt diverse Definitionsmöglichkeiten für Feasibility Studien dar. Die vorhandenen Begriffsbestimmungen in der Fachliteratur zeigen, dass keine einheitliche Definition existiert. Vor allem im deutschsprachigen Raum wird der Begriff Feasibility Studie oft fehlinterpretiert, da eine wortwörtliche Übersetzung so viel wie ‚Machbarkeitsstudie’ bzw. ‚Durchführbarkeitsstudie’ bedeutet. Eine Feasibility Studie wie sie im internationalen Kontext gesehen wird, ist jedoch nicht eine reine Prüfung der Machbarkeit eines Projektes, beinhaltet jedoch viele Aspekte, wie z.B. detaillierte Analyse des Marktes, der Nachfrage und des Wettbewerbes.
Das darauf folgende Kapital widmet sich dem breiten Feld der Projektentwicklung im Bereich der Hotellerie und gibt einen Überblick über die Position von Feasibility Studien im Rahmen dieser Entwicklungsprozesse. Kapitel 4 der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit analysiert eine mögliche Strukturierung einer Feasibility Studie. In diesem Zusammenhang gibt es keine allgemeingültige Gliederung, welche bestimmte Inhalte vorgibt. Der Autor zeigt an dieser Stelle eine mögliche Struktur für eine Studie auf und analysiert die vorgeschlagenen Bereiche im Detail.
Prognosen für die zukünftige Entwicklung des Marktes unter Berücksichtigung des Angebotes, der Nachfrage und der Mitbewerber sind ein essenzieller Bestandteil jeder Feasibility Studie. Ein weiteres wichtiges Element ist in der Wirtschaftlichkeitsvorschau zu sehen. Hier wird letztendlich die Rentabilität eines Projektes abgeschätzt, indem detaillierte Prognoserechnungen mit G&V Rechnung, Planbilanz, Kennzahlenanalyse und Liquiditätsvorschau erstellt werden. In diesem Kontext wird auch ein mögliches Finanzierungsszenario dargestellt.
Die Entscheidung für ein Investment basierend auf den Resultaten einer Feasibility Studie ist von vielen Faktoren abhängig. Diese werden vom Autor in vier Hauptkategorien unterteilt, es sind dies projektbezogene Kriterien, finanzielle Ergebnisse, Wirtschaftlichkeitsvorschau und marktbezogene Kriterien. Der Erfolg einer Feasibility Studie wird von einer Vielzahl an Aspekten mitbestimmt. Diese Erfolgsdeterminanten werden ausführlich evaluiert und dargestellt und beinhalten unter anderem den Standort des geplanten Hotels, eine adäquate Schätzung der gesamten Investitionskosten, die Segmentierung des Marktes und Empfehlungen bezüglich des Projektkonzeptes.
In weiterer Folge werden häufige Fehlerquellen bei der Erstellung von Feasibility Studien aufgezeigt. Zu diesen sind vor allem schön gerechnete Ergebnisse, Gefälligkeitsgutachten, falsche Positionierung des Projektes, Einschätzung des Marktes und des Projektstandortes zu zählen. Schlussendlich wird eine komparative Erhebung durchgeführt. Hierfür werden die Feasibility Studien für zwei österreichische Hotels, deren Inbetriebnahme auch tatsächlich realisiert wurde, analysiert. Einige wichtige prognostizierte Kennzahlen werden mit den aktuellen Resultaten in Vergleich gesetzt und evaluiert. Generelle Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung von Feasibility Studien bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit.
Table of Contents:
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | IX | |
| TABLE OF FIGURES | XII | |
| TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS | XIII | |
| 1. | INTRODUCTION | 1 |
| 1.1 | PROBLEM STATEMENT | 1 |
| 1.2 | OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE | 2 |
| 1.3 | LIMITATIONS OF THE DIPLOMA THESIS | 2 |
| 1.4 | METHODOLOGY | 3 |
| 1.5 | DIPLOMA THESIS DESIGN | 4 |
| 2. | FUNDAMENTALS OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES | 6 |
| 2.1 | DEFINITION OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES | 6 |
| 2.1.1 | Market Study | 9 |
| 2.1.2 | Financial Feasibility Analysis | 10 |
| 2.1.3 | Pre-Feasibility Studies | 10 |
| 2.2 | GENERAL RULES FOR THE PREPARATION OF STUDIES | 11 |
| 2.3 | PREREQUISITES, REASONS AND PURPOSE | 12 |
| 2.4 | OBJECTIVES OF A FEASIBILITY STUDY | 14 |
| 2.5 | TIME FRAME | 15 |
| 2.6 | INFORMATION SOURCES – DATA DOCUMENTATION | 16 |
| 3. | HOTEL PROJECT DEVELOPMENT | 18 |
| 3.1 | DEFINITION | 18 |
| 3.2 | PROJECT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS | 19 |
| 3.3 | HOTEL DEVELOPMENT COSTS | 19 |
| 3.4 | PARTNERS IN THE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS | 21 |
| 3.5 | POSITION OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES WITHIN PROJECT DEVELOPMENT | 22 |
| 3.6 | CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS | 23 |
| 4. | STRUCTURE OF A FEASIBILITY STUDY | 24 |
| 4.1 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 25 |
| 4.2 | INTRODUCTION | 26 |
| 4.3 | ECONOMIC SITUATION | 26 |
| 4.4 | DESCRIPTION OF THE MARKET IN GENERAL – MARKET RESEARCH | 26 |
| 4.5 | ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SUPPLY | 27 |
| 4.6 | ANALYSIS OF DEMAND | 28 |
| 4.7 | ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COMPETITORS | 32 |
| 4.8 | SWOT AND ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS POTENTIAL | 33 |
| 4.9 | ANALYSIS OF MICRO AND MACRO LOCATION | 34 |
| 4.10 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT | 37 |
| 4.11 | FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS AND FORECASTS | 38 |
| 4.12 | CONCLUSION | 39 |
| 5. | FORECASTS | 40 |
| 5.1 | REPORTING FORMAT | 41 |
| 5.2 | DEFINITION OF FUTURE SUPPLY | 41 |
| 5.3 | FUTURE DEMAND | 42 |
| 5.4 | ROOM OCCUPANCY | 44 |
| 5.5 | AVERAGE ROOM RATE | 44 |
| 5.5.1 | Rack rates | 45 |
| 5.5.2 | Double Occupancy factor (DOF) | 45 |
| 5.5.3 | Discounts | 46 |
| 5.6 | ROOM REVENUES | 46 |
| 5.6.1 | RevPar | 46 |
| 5.6.2 | Performance of global hotel markets | 47 |
| 5.6.3 | Additional benchmark ratios | 48 |
| 6. | FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS | 49 |
| 6.1 | PROFIT & LOSS ESTIMATE | 49 |
| 6.1.1 | Revenues | 49 |
| 6.1.2 | Operating Costs | 50 |
| 6.1.2.1 | Payroll cost | 50 |
| 6.1.2.2 | Cost of goods | 51 |
| 6.1.2.3 | Other expenses | 52 |
| 6.1.3 | Gross Operating Profit (GOP) | 52 |
| 6.1.4 | EBDIT | 53 |
| 6.1.5 | Income before Income Tax | 53 |
| 6.2 | RATIO & BENCHMARKING ANALYSIS | 53 |
| 6.2.1 | Required Rate of Return | 53 |
| 6.2.2 | Return on Investment (ROI) | 54 |
| 6.2.3 | Return on Owners’ Equity (ROE) | 55 |
| 6.3 | DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODS | 55 |
| 6.3.1 | Net Present Value (NPV) | 56 |
| 6.3.2 | Internal rate of return (IRR) | 57 |
| 6.4 | FINANCING SCENARIO | 58 |
| 6.5 | NET CASH FLOW | 58 |
| 7. | MAIN DECISION CRITERIA | 60 |
| 8 | SUCCESS FACTORS OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES | 63 |
| 8.1 | ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES | 63 |
| 8.2 | FORMAL DECISION TO GET STARTED | 66 |
| 8.3 | STANDARDIZATION OUTLINE | 67 |
| 8.4 | MICRO- AND MACRO-LOCATION | 68 |
| 8.5 | SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS | 69 |
| 8.6 | BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS | 70 |
| 8.7 | SCENARIO ANALYSIS | 71 |
| 8.8 | SPACE PROGRAMME | 72 |
| 8.9 | CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT AND POSITIONING | 72 |
| 8.10 | MARKET SEGMENTATION | 73 |
| 8.11 | INVESTMENT ESTIMATION | 75 |
| 8.12 | PRE-OPENING COSTS | 75 |
| 8.13 | PERMITS | 76 |
| 8.14 | ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT FACTORS | 76 |
| 9. | POSSIBLE SOURCES OF MISTAKES | 78 |
| 9.1 | CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES | 78 |
| 9.2 | FUTURE DEMAND ESTIMATES | 79 |
| 9.3 | CONSIDERATION OF COMPETITORS | 80 |
| 9.4 | WRONG POSITIONING OF THE PROJECT | 81 |
| 9.5 | TOTAL INVESTMENT COST | 81 |
| 9.6 | INFLUENCE BY CLIENT | 82 |
| 9.7 | ADDITIONAL ASPECTS | 82 |
| 10 | ANALYSIS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES | 84 |
| 10.1 | METHODOLOGY | 84 |
| 10.2 | HOTEL A | 84 |
| 10.2.1 | Room occupancy | 85 |
| 10.2.2 | Average Room Rate | 86 |
| 10.2.3 | Rooms Yield | 87 |
| 10.2.4 | Gross Operating Profit (GOP) | 88 |
| 10.3 | HOTEL B | 90 |
| 10.3.1 | Room occupancy | 90 |
| 10.3.2 | Average Room Rate | 91 |
| 10.3.3 | Rooms Yield | 92 |
| 11. | RECOMMENDATIONS | 94 |
| 12. | CONCLUSION | 97 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 100 | |
| APPENDIX | 106 |
4.10 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT Several basic decisions with regard to the above described market analysis should be made at this stage. This depends to a great extent on the progress of the planning process, whether a certain location has been selected or if there is already an architectural plan available. In any case, some of the various factors to be determined and described at this point enclose:76 Type of the planned project Number, size and composition of the hotel rooms Number, type and size of restaurants and bars Size and number of banquet and seminar facilities Other facilities such as shops, office space and sports facilities Function rooms for the hotel (kitchens, store rooms, offices, lobby etc.) Size of parking area The preliminary project draft serves as a fundamental basis for the architectural plans and should be functionally designed with the operating company. Facility recommendations will be a result of the field research and demand interviews undertaken. It is essential to consider the market segments that will be using the [...]
competitive positioning in relation to other facilities.72 The following table shows some of the factors that will affect suitability of a location. Factor Size Considerations The site needs to be sufficiently large to accommodate the size of the proposed project. This does not only take the area of the site into account, but also planning regulations such as set-back, site utilization ratio, building density and similar issues. Consideration of neighbouring uses and their likely impact on the proposed hospitality facility. In most cases, ease of access by road, rail etc. is essential to success. This is an important point for facilities looking to attract passing trade. This factor may need to be balanced by the need to be accessible, and to be located convenient to other facilities. This is most important for hotels, where a guest is spending a lot of time. In this case a business visitor may want to be close to restaurants and shops, whereas a leisure tourist will want to be near tourist attractions or modes of transport. [...]
Conrad Hilton, founder of the Hilton hotel company, once said that ‘location, location and location’ are the three main factors for the success of hospitality facilities. Essentially, this quote originates from the real estate business and underlines the importance of an appropriate location for any hotel project. The micro-location is defined as the site, i.e. the piece of land, where the building is situated, whereas the macro-location refers to the destination as such. The analysis of the location of a planned hotel is one of the most important steps in any feasibility study. The choice of the location depends to a great extent on the demand situation. Therefore, the location criteria which strongly influence the demand for hotel services need to be examined in detail. Of course, these [...]
In den Warenkorb
98,00 €
Link zur Arbeit:
http://www.diplom.de/ean/9783832499143
Arbeit zitieren:
Fercher, Wolfgang Mai 2005: Feasibility Studies for Hotels, Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag
Schlagworte:
Machbarkeitsstudie, Projektentwicklung, Hotellerie, Future demand, Financial projections



